Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

A hierarchical O(N log N) force-calculation algorithm

Barnes, Hut, 1986, Nature 324:446-449

Unverified DOI: 10.1038/324446a0

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

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Algebraic connectivity of graphs

Fiedler, 1973, Czechoslovak Math. J. 23(98):298–305

Verified DOI: 10.21136/CMJ.1973.101168

λ₂ (2nd-smallest Laplacian eigenvalue) = algebraic connectivity; >0 iff connected; Fiedler vector bipartitions

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

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ASK-GraphView: A Large Scale Graph Visualization System

Abello, van Ham, Krishnan, 2006, IEEE TVCG 12(5):669-676

Unverified DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2006.120

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

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cosmos.gl (formerly Cosmograph engine)

GPU force-layout+render library, OpenJS Foundation incubating project, 2024; v3 (luma.gl / WebGL2) 2025

Unverified

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

No public identifier on record — title listed for reference only.

DRGraph: An Efficient Graph Layout Algorithm for Large-scale Graphs by Dimensionality Reduction

Zhu et al., 2021, IEEE TVCG 27(2):1666-1676

Unverified arXiv:2008.07799

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

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Edge-Path Bundling: A Less Ambiguous Edge Bundling Approach

Wallinger, Archambault, Auber, Nöllenburg, Peltonen, 2022, IEEE TVCG 28(1):313-323

Unverified arXiv:2108.05467

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

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Fast unfolding of communities in large networks

Blondel, Guillaume, Lambiotte, Lefebvre, 2008, J. Stat. Mech. P10008

Verified arXiv:0803.0476

Louvain: greedy modularity maximization by local node moves + community collapse, near-linear in edges

Graph Algorithms Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

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Faster Edge-Path Bundling through Graph Spanners

Wallinger et al., 2023, Computer Graphics Forum

Unverified DOI: 10.1111/cgf.14789

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Force-Directed Edge Bundling for Graph Visualization

Holten, van Wijk, 2009, Computer Graphics Forum 28(3):983-990

Unverified DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2009.01450.x

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ForceAtlas2, a Continuous Graph Layout Algorithm...

Jacomy, Venturini, Heymann, Bastian, 2014, PLoS ONE 9(6):e98679

Unverified DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098679

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Graph Drawing by Force-Directed Placement

Fruchterman, Reingold, 1991, Software: Practice & Experience 21(11):1129-1164

Unverified DOI: 10.1002/spe.4380211102

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Graph Drawing by Stochastic Gradient Descent

Zheng, Pawar, Goodman, 2019, IEEE TVCG 25(9):2738-2748

Unverified arXiv:1710.04626

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Graph Summarization Methods and Applications: A Survey

Liu, Safavi, Dighe, Koutra, 2018, ACM Computing Surveys 51(3):62

Unverified arXiv:1612.04883

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

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Graphology, a robust and multipurpose Graph object for JavaScript

Plique, 2021 (Zenodo)

Unverified DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5681257

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GrouseFlocks: Steerable Exploration of Graph Hierarchy Space

Archambault, Munzner, Auber, 2008, IEEE TVCG 14(4):900-913

Unverified

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

No public identifier on record — title listed for reference only.

Hierarchical Edge Bundles

Holten, 2006, IEEE TVCG 12(5):741-748

Unverified DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2006.147

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Hierarchical structure in financial markets

Mantegna, 1999, Eur. Phys. J. B 11:193-197

Verified DOI: 10.1007/s100510050929

Correlation→distance transform d = sqrt(2(1-ρ)) + MST yields a meaningful market taxonomy (the subdominant ultrametric skeleton).

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Mathematical Formulation of Multilayer Networks

De Domenico et al., 2013, Phys. Rev. X 3, 041022

Verified arXiv:1307.4977

Rank-4 adjacency tensor → supra-adjacency / supra-Laplacian; multiplex participation coefficient, multilayer eigenvector centrality, multiplex PageRank, Von Neumann entropy, diffusion τ=1/λ₂

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Pad: An Alternative Approach to the Computer Interface

Perlin, Fox, 1993, SIGGRAPH '93:57-64

Unverified DOI: 10.1145/166117.166125

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Poligras: Policy-based Graph Summarization

Zhao, Bai et al., 2024, PVLDB 17(10):2432

Unverified

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

No public identifier on record — title listed for reference only.

Search, Show Context, Expand on Demand: Supporting Large Graph Exploration with Degree-of-Interest

van Ham, Perer, 2009, IEEE TVCG 15(6):953-960

Unverified DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2009.108

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Sigma.js v3

Jacomy / OuestWare, 2024 (WebGL renderer on graphology)

Unverified

Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

No public identifier on record — title listed for reference only.

State of the Art in Multilayer Network Visualization

McGee et al., 2019 (survey)

Verified arXiv:1902.06815

Survey of multilayer layout families (stacked planes, node-link, concentric-ring) and their tradeoffs

Graph Algorithms Graph Visualization & Level-of-Detail

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When Dimensionality Reduction Meets Graph (Drawing) Theory: ...Common Framework...

Paulovich et al., 2025, Computer Graphics Forum

Unverified DOI: 10.1111/cgf.70105

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